Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

Opis

The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.

Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user. It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.

For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.

One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.

Inne nazwy

Insecure Direct Object Reference / IDOR

The "Insecure Direct Object Reference" term, as described in the OWASP Top Ten, is broader than this CWE because it also covers path traversal (CWE-22). Within the context of vulnerability theory, there is a similarity between the OWASP concept and CWE-706: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference.

Broken Object Level Authorization / BOLA

BOLA is used in the 2019 OWASP API Security Top 10 and appears to have some overlap, but BOLA may be applicable to other weaknesses in addition to this one.

Horizontal Authorization

"Horizontal Authorization" is used to describe situations in which two users have the same privilege level, but must be prevented from accessing each other's resources. This is fairly common when using key-based access to resources in a multi-user context.

Skutki

• Access Control

  Bypass Protection Mechanism

  Access control checks for specific user data or functionality can be bypassed.

• Access Control

  Gain Privileges or Assume Identity

  Horizontal escalation of privilege is possible (one user can view/modify information of another user).

• Access Control

  Gain Privileges or Assume Identity

  Vertical escalation of privilege is possible if the user-controlled key is actually a flag that indicates administrator status, allowing the attacker to gain administrative access.

Zapobieganie

• Architecture and Design

  For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.

• Architecture and Design, Implementation

  Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.

• Architecture and Design

  Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.

Przykłady podatności

• CVE-2021-36539 An educational application does not appropriately restrict file IDs to a particular user. The attacker can brute-force guess IDs, indicating IDOR.

Słabość nadrzędna

• CWE-863 Incorrect Authorization
• CWE-284 Improper Access Control

Słabości podrzędne

• CWE-566 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled SQL Primary Key

Kiedy powstaje

• Architecture and Design — REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Dotyczy

Not Language-Specific

Uwagi

As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.

Źródła

1. Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention Cheat Sheet — OWASP, 2025
2. Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) — MDN, 2025
3. Insecure Direct Object Reference — Imperva
4. Unraveling Vulnerabilities: Understanding the difference between IDOR, BAC and BOLA — Mateus Pantoja, 2024