Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences

Opis

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as escape, meta, or control character sequences when they are sent to a downstream component.

Inne nazwy

ANSI injection

injection of ANSI escape sequences.

Skutki

• Integrity

  Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands; Hide Activities; Unexpected State

  ANSI escape codes can be used for low-severity attacks such as changing the color of console output, but they can also be used to arbitrarily move the cursor, clear the screen, and make fake prompts inside the interactive CLI via malicious user input. In some contexts - depending on the functionality of the terminal in use - ANSI escape codes can be used to execute arbitrary code.

Zapobieganie

• Developers should anticipate that escape, meta and control characters/sequences will be injected/removed/manipulated in the input vectors of their product. Use an appropriate combination of denylists and allowlists to ensure only valid, expected and appropriate input is processed by the system.

• Implementation · Input Validation

  Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.

  When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."

  Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.

• Implementation · Output Encoding

  While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).

• Implementation · Input Validation

  Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.

• Implementation

  When using output from an LLM, neutralize or strip escape codes before redirecting output to the terminal or other rendering engine that would process the codes. The neutralization could require that the character be printable and/or allowable whitespace, such as a carriage return or newline. Be deliberate about what to allow.

  Skuteczność: High

• Build and Compilation

  When using an LLM: during tokenizer training, suppress escape codes from the tokenizer's vocabulary. Depending on context, this could be accomplished by removing the codes from input to the tokenizer, or removing the map from the string to its token ID. It is generally unlikely that this removal would adversely affect the quality or correctness of what is generated, e.g. advice requests for terminal settings to change colors.

  Skuteczność: Limited

Przykłady podatności

• CVE-2024-27936 Chain: JavaScript-based application removes ANSI escape sequences in a dialog that asks permission for a particular file, causing the wrong filename to be visually presented for user approval (CWE-451), but the filename still contains the ANSI escape sequences (CWE-150), potentially causing the user to grant access to the wrong file.
• CVE-2002-0542 The mail program processes special "~" escape sequence even when not in interactive mode.
• CVE-2000-0703 Setuid program does not filter escape sequences before calling mail program.
• CVE-2002-0986 Mail function does not filter control characters from arguments, allowing mail message content to be modified.
• CVE-2003-0020 Multi-channel issue. Terminal escape sequences not filtered from log files.
• CVE-2003-0083 Multi-channel issue. Terminal escape sequences not filtered from log files.
• CVE-2003-0021 Terminal escape sequences not filtered by terminals when displaying files.
• CVE-2003-0022 Terminal escape sequences not filtered by terminals when displaying files.
• CVE-2003-0023 Terminal escape sequences not filtered by terminals when displaying files.
• CVE-2003-0063 Terminal escape sequences not filtered by terminals when displaying files.
• CVE-2000-0476 Terminal escape sequences not filtered by terminals when displaying files.
• CVE-2001-1556 MFV. (multi-channel). Injection of control characters into log files that allow information hiding when using raw Unix programs to read the files.

Słabość nadrzędna

• CWE-138 Improper Neutralization of Special Elements

Kiedy powstaje

• Build and Compilation — During LLM training, escape sequences may be assigned within token entry values.
• Implementation — Interactive command line interfaces have become more commonplace with growing system administration needs and human-friendly TUIs (text-based user interfaces); logging user-generated values into the terminal into one of these sessions is no longer safe.
• Implementation — REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Dotyczy

Not Language-Specific, AI/ML

Uwagi

As of CWE 4.20: while exploitation and research interest in ANSI escape codes (and other terminal sequences) was popular in the early 2000's [REF-1527] - and known as an attack vector going back to at least 1994 [REF-1532] - there has been renewed interest in this type of injection as new attack vectors have arrived (e.g., from LLM output, or CLIs that were not based on OS sessions).

Źródła

1. flash.c — Phrack Issue 46, Volume 4 ("Line Noise"), 1994
2. Terminal Emulator Security Issues — H D Moore, BugTraq, 2003
3. \e[31m"?! ANSI Terminal security in 2023 and finding 10 CVEs — David Leadbeater, 2023
4. Weaponizing Plain Text ANSI Escape Sequences as a Forensic Nightmare — STÖK, 2023
5. Weaponizing Plain Text ANSI Escape Sequences as a Forensic Nightmare — STÖK, 2023
6. LLM output can take over your computer — Leon Derczynski, 2024
7. Terminal DiLLMa: LLM-powered Apps Can Hijack Your Terminal Via Prompt Injection — wunderwuzzi, 2024